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Real-time ridesharing (also known as instant ridesharing, dynamic ridesharing, ad-hoc ridesharing, on-demand ridesharing, and dynamic carpooling) is a service that arranges one-time shared rides on very short notice.〔(Amey, A., J. Attanucci, and R. Mishalani. "'Real-Time' Ridesharing – The Opportunities and Challenges of Utilizing Mobile Phone Technology to Improve Rideshare Services." TRB Annual Meeting, 2011. )〕 This type of carpooling generally makes use of three recent technological advances:〔(Ecosummit TV – ECO11 – Young Future Mobility Leaders – Panel - ECOSUMMIT - Smart Green Economy Network and Conference )〕 * GPS navigation devices to determine a driver's route and arrange the shared ride * Smartphones for a traveler to request a ride from wherever they happen to be * Social networks to establish trust and accountability between drivers and passengers These elements are coordinated through a network service, which can instantaneously handle the driver payments and match rides using an optimization algorithm. Like carpooling, real-time ridesharing is promoted as a way to better utilize the empty seats in most passenger cars, thus lowering fuel usage and transport costs. It can serve areas not covered by a public transit system and act as a transit feeder service. Ridesharing is also capable of serving one-time trips, not only recurrent commute trips or scheduled trips.〔(Levofsky, Amber and Allen Greenberg. "ORGANIZED DYNAMIC RIDE SHARING: THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND THE OPPORTUNITY FOR ADVANCING THE CONCEPT." Transportation Research Board, 2001. )〕 In the early 2010s, several technology companies introduced apps that were advertised as ridesharing, but in fact dispatched commercial operators similar to a taxi service. Transportation experts have called these services "ridesourcing" to clarify that drivers do not share a destination with their passengers; the app simply outsources rides to commercial drivers.〔Rayle, L., S. Shaheen, N. Chan, D. Dai, and R. Cervero. (App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco. ) University of California Transportation Center, 2014.〕 Examples of these "ridesourcing" companies are Yatrashare, FillCar, Uber, Lyft and Haxi. "Ridesharing" has been controversial, variously criticized as lacking adequate regulation, insurance, licensure, and training. One of the main ridesharing firms, Uber, was banned in Berlin and a number of other European cities.〔http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/14/uber-taxi-service-banned-berlin-safety-grounds〕 Opposition may also come from taxi companies and public transit operators,〔 because they are seen as alternatives. == Potential market == A 2010 survey at the University of California, Berkeley found 20% of respondents willing to use real-time ridesharing at least once a week; and real-time ridesharing was more popular among current drive-alone commuters (30%) than transit or non-motorized commuters.〔Elizabeth Deakin, Karen Trapenberg Frick, and Kevin Shively. 2012. "(Dynamic Ridesharing )." Access, 40: 23-28.〕 The top obstacles to using real-time ridesharing were short trip lengths and the added time of ride logistics.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Real-time ridesharing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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